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The #Steepest Rack #Railway In The World - #Pilatus #Railway - Switzerland: The #Pilatus #railway (German: #Pilatusbahn, PB) is a #mountain #railway in Switzerland and is the #steepest rack #railway in the world, with a maximum gradient of 48% and an average gradient of 35%. The line runs from Alpnachstad, on Lake Lucerne, to a terminus near the Esel summit of Mount Pilatus at an altitude of 2,073 m (6,801 ft), which makes it the highest #railway in Obwalden and the second highest in Central Switzerland after the Furka line. At Alpnachstad, the #Pilatus #railway connects with steamers on Lake Lucerne and with trains on the Brünigbahn line of Zentralbahn. History: The first project to build the line was proposed in 1873, suggesting a 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge and 25% maximal gradient. However it was concluded that the project would not be economically viable. The #train ready to leave, June 4, 1889 Then Eduard Locher, an engineer with great practical experience, proposed an alternative project with the maximal grade raised to 48% to cut the route in half. Conventional systems at the time could not handle such gradients because the vertical cogwheel that is pressed to the rack from above may, under higher gradients, jump out of the engagement with the rack, eliminating the #train's main driving and braking power. Instead, Locher placed a horizontal double rack between the two rails with the rack teeth facing each side. This was engaged by two cogwheels carried on vertical shafts under the car. This design eliminated the possibility of the cogwheels climbing out of the rack, and additionally prevented the car from toppling over, even under the severe cross winds common in the area. The system was also capable of guiding the car without the need for flanges on the wheels. Indeed, the first cars on #Pilatus had no flanges on running wheels but they were later added to allow cars to be moved through tracks without rack rails during maintenance. The line was opened using steam traction on 4 June 1889 and was electrified on 15 May 1937, using an overhead electric supply of 1550 V DC. The government provided no subsidy for the #construction of the line. Instead, Locher established his own company "Locher Systems" to build the #railway. The #railway was built entirely with private capital and has remained financially viable throughout its life. The #Pilatus #railway was named a Historic Mechanical Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers in 2001. Operation: The line is 4.6 km (2.86 mi) long, climbs a vertical distance of 1,629 m (5,344 ft), and is of 800 mm (2 ft 7 1⁄2 in) gauge. Because of the rack-system, there are no conventional points or switches on the line, only rotary switches (see photograph) and traversers. All #railway is laid on solid rock, securing #rails by high-strength iron ties attached to the rock, without using any ballast. The line still uses original rack #rails that are now over 100 years old. While they have worn down, it was discovered that this can be fixed by simply turning the #rails over, providing a new wearing surface that would be sufficient for the next century as well. The car #electric engines are used as #generators to brake the car during descent, but this #electricity is not reused – it is just dissipated as heat through resistance grids. Originally, the steam engines were used as compressors to provide dynamic braking, since the use of friction brakes alone is not practical on such a steep slopes.